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教师招聘考试:中小学英语教师基础知识资料(1)

2015-08-24 xredued04


1. 一般情况加s,如:pen—pens, doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读[s],在元音和浊辅音后读[z]。如:map—map , boy—boys.

2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其读音为[iz]。

3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为[iz]。

4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。

5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以o结尾的则只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos

6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如:knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。

7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:man—men,woman—women, child—children, foot—feet,tooth—teeth, mouse—mice

8. 单复同形的名词有:fish, sheep,deer…

9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。 名词还有格的变化,其主格可作主语,宾格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有, 以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s',如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's,如:a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's,如:a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers

[析]名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外,还可以用来修饰另一个名词,这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式,如:shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外,如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。

[误]My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.

[正]My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.

[析]英语中有些名词单复同形,如:fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。

[误]Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.

[正]Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.

[析]英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如: thanks, greens, 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服,而cloth则是布, sand沙子,而sands是沙滩。

[误]I offered my son my congratulation on his success.

[正]I offered my son my congratulations on his success.

[析]英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式,但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.

[误]We have five German in this meeting.

[正]We have five Germans in this meeting.

[析]英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen,而German 则要加s,因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。

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